India putting as "A"

Hard drives:
High-tec innovations are putting INDIA on the "A" list:
Super computers and india had never really been synonymous. The best the country could offer till now was the centre for development of advanced computing's PARAM series, of which the fastest was padma with the speed of one teraflop or one trillion operations per second.Nevertheless, it still ranked a lonely 171 on the top 500 list of the world's fastest computer's in 2003.Recently,how ever, the TATA -Owned computational research laboratories in pune has installed a super computer system named Eka that managed to achieve a speed of 117.9 teraflops.

This makes it not only the fourth fastest machine of its kind in the world but the fastest one in Asia.built in a little less than 2 years at a cost of approxmaitly $30 million.Eka has the distinction of being the first supercomputer to have been developed totally by a corporation without any government help,using mainly off-the shelf components.Given its spectaculear speed.it can be used for a variety of tasks-including long-range weather forecasting ,financial modelling ,data mining, animation, drug discovery and computing intensive task like oil and gas exploration.Its operation time can also be sold commerically. Market research firms forecast that spending on the high performance computing market will rise from over $10 billion worldwide in 2006 to $14.3 billion by 2010.

The development also propels INDIA in to a different leaguealtogether. Far from being labelled "CYBER COOLIES" of the IT world who carry out only back end work in "BPO's" call centres and out sourcing offices ,it demonstrate's how the nation is steadily beginning to climb up the value chain. What's more,its happening in other fields too.For example the country's largest CAR maker Maruthi also revealed its plans for unveiling A-star, its brand new concept car a prototype which basically showcases innovation in styling,engineering and technology.

After being displayed at the ninth edition of Auto expo in the capital in janaury 2008,its expected to make the rounds in all major expos across the world before going in to production. That's not only a long way off from the day's of being dumped with obsolete models of ambassadors and fiats but vastly different from India being perceived as a srcewdriver nation with a cheap work force assembling auto mobiles originally designed by others. These are great trends gaining momentum by the day.

High-End Workstation Works Hard, Plays Hard:
It is a PC that is primarily intended for game designers, videographers and other high-end users, with powerful components and classy black styling.

The D10 runs Windows Vista and has up to 750 gigabytes of hard-drive space. It can also hold up to 64 gigabytes of RAM — an impressive number for even high-end gaming machines — and has a powerful Nvidia Quadro graphics card and an optional Blu-ray disc burner.

The D10, starting at about $1,740, is also Energy Star compliant, which means it runs at 80 percent energy efficiency and is cooled by an almost silent internal duct system. Special front and side service latches pop open for easy upgrades, and the built-in ThinkVantage system recovery and security software ensures that data does not go missing.
This powerful machine might look as if it belongs under a desk at a big corporation, but don’t let the lack of flames and other design accouterments fool you — if need be, this PC can also play hard.

internal view

This is the inner view of an cpu.Her we can see RAM, SATA Hard disk,LG super multi drive,
cpu fans,etc. These devices are connected to motherboard through various buses and power cables.

Buses:
In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers. Unlike a point-to-point connection, a bus can logically connect several peripherals over the same set of wires. Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables together.
Early computer buses were literally parallel electrical buses with multiple connections, but the term is now used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical functionality as a parallel electrical bus. Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit-serial connections, and can be wired in either a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case of USB.

RAM & ROM

Random access memory (RAM):
Random access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a type of computer data storage. It today takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order, i.e. at random. The word random thus refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.
This contrasts with storage mechanisms such as tapes, magnetic discs and optical discs, which rely on the physical movement of the recording medium or a reading head. In these devices, the movement takes longer than the data transfer, and the retrieval time varies depending on the physical location of the next item.
The word RAM is mostly associated with volatile types of memory, where the information is lost when power is switched off. However, many other types of memory are RAM as well (i.e. Random Access Memory), including most types of ROM and a kind of flash memory called NOR-Flash.

ROM :
It is an abbreviation and name that may refer to:
In Computers and Mathematics:
* Read-only memory, a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. This tells the computer how to load the operating system.
* Mac computers typically included Old World ROM or New World ROM
* ROM image, a computer file which contains a copy of the data from a read-only memory chip.
A ROM image, or simply ROM, is a computer file which contains a copy of the data from a read-only memory chip, often from a video game cartridge, a computer's firmware, or from an arcade game's main board. The term is frequently used in the context of emulation, whereby older games or computer firmware are copied to ROM files on modern computers and can, using a piece of software known as an emulator, be run on the newer computer.
ROM images are also used when developing for embedded computers. Software which is being developed for embedded computers is often written to ROM files for testing on a standard computer before it is written to a ROM chip for use in the embedded system.
* ROM (MUD), a popular MUD codebase
* Random oracle, as in "random oracle model", a mathematical abstraction used in cryptographic proofs
* ROM cartridges, a portable form of read-only memory
* Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM)- Very early cost estimate of a project.

Motherboard

Motherboard:
The motherboard is the "heart" of the computer, through which all other components interface.
* Central processing unit (CPU) - Performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
* Computer fan - Used to lower the temperature of the computer; a fan is almost always attached to the CPU, and the computer case will generally have several fans to maintain a constant airflow. Liquid cooling can also be used to cool a computer, though it focuses more on individual parts rather than the overall temperature inside the chassis.
* Random Access Memory (RAM) - Fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is powered-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running.
* Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory ROM run from the Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) or in newer systems Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) compliant
* Internal Buses - Connections to various internal devices.
Power supply:
A case that holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan, and supplies power to run the rest of the computer.
Storage controllers:
Controllers for hard disk, CD-ROM and other drives like internal Zip and Jaz conventionally for a PC are IDE/ATA; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard (on-board) or on expansion cards, such as a Disk array controller. IDE is usually integrated, unlike SCSI which is found in most servers. The floppy drive interface is a legacy MFM interface which is now slowly disappearing. All these interfaces are gradually being phased out to be replaced by SATA and SAS.
Video display controller:
Produces the output for the computer display. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E or AGP), in the form of a Graphics Card.

CPU(Central processing unit):
A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes just processor, is a description of a certain class of logic machines that can execute computer programs. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage. However, the term itself and its initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s (Weik 1961). The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same.
Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, usually one-of-a-kind, computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are suited for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured in very small spaces (on the order of millimeters). Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones to children's toys.